![]() As one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness, depressive disorders have a huge influence on individuals and society. In modern society, people suffer from various psychiatric disorders, especially depression, anxiety and insomnia. This review has been performed to further identify modes of action of different herbal medicine, and thus provides useful information for the application of herbal medicine. Nonetheless, a systematic review on herbal pharmacology in depression, anxiety and insomnia is still lacking. Literatures showed a variety of herbal mechanisms of action used for the therapy of depression, anxiety and insomnia, involving re-uptake of monoamines, affecting neuroreceptor binding and channel transporter activity, modulating neuronal communication or hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) etc. Over the past decades, the exploration in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has received much attention. Since various adverse events of western medication exist, the number of people who use herbs to benefit their health is increasing. Herb alone, as well as herbal formula, is commonly prescribed for the therapies of mental illnesses. These well-known forms of psychiatric disorders have been affecting many people from all around the world. All rights reserved.The prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and insomnia are very common. ![]() Herbal medicine Insomnia Sleep disorders Traditional Chinese medicine. Another mechanism shown by some herbs is to upregulate the expression of orexin-A, leptin, orexin receptor-1, and leptin receptor in the brain, reducing insomnia-induced negative consequences, and thus indirectly help improvement of insomnia. Some herbs exert sedative activities via inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor. The major pharmacological action mechanisms shared by most of the sedative herbs are to act through the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or via stimulation of GABAA A receptor. The underlying pharmacological action mechanisms discovered in the studies on some key herbs used in the treatment of insomnia were evaluated. Based on the clinical data, several herbs were identified as most frequently used sedative and hypnotic herbs in Chinese herbal medicine including Suanzaoren (Ziziphus spinose ), Fuling (Poria cocos ), and Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis ). It was found Suanzaoren decoction (Ziziphus spinose decoction ) is the most frequently used formula for the treatment of insomnia. This brought complexity and difficulties to identify which are the essential key herbs or formulas. ![]() This was due to different syndrome patterns happened with insomnia. Clinical studies showed a very wide spectrum of herbs that were used in clinical treatment of insomnia. This chapter evaluated the data from both of clinical studies and pharmacological researches on the therapeutic formulas and on some key herbs used in the treatment of insomnia. It is very important and very helpful to review the published research papers to gather the available information for a critical analysis. Many clinical studies including randomized controlled clinical trials and research on pharmacological action mechanisms of the herbs for treatment of insomnia have been conducted. In recent decades, Chinese herbal medicine has been widely used in the Western countries. Chinese medicinal herbs and formulas have been used in the treatment of insomnia for more than 2000 years in China. Patients try to use some kinds of alternative medicines. It is effective but also has significant side effects. In conventional medicine, the most commonly used the medicine is benzodiazepine. Chronic insomnia can last for long time and it will severely affect people's health and the quality of life. Insomnia is a condition with sleep problems and many people suffered from it. ![]()
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